The presence of amyloid deposits in the brain is one of the major histopathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that the amyloid -peptide (Aβ), a major component […]
The “cholinergic hypothesis” proposes that part of age-related cognitive decline is caused by reduced cerebral cholinergic function. This theory has been used as a rationale for testing drug therapies that restore cholinergic function […]
Endothelium derived relaxant factors (EDRFs) Endothelium derived relaxant factor is produced and released by the endothelium to cause smooth muscle relaxation. The characterized EDRFs include nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2), and endothelium-derived […]
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) levels over a prolonged period, either […]
DNA VIRUSES Adenovirus Adenovirus primarily affects the immunosuppressed host but can produce outbreaks in healthy subjects living at close quarters, e.g., military recruits. Adenovirus typically produces ulcerative bronchiolitis with karyorrhexis, neutrophilic […]
RNA Viruses Influenza Influenza is a rod-shaped RNA virus that can cause either bronchiolitis or DAD without cytopathic changes. Influenza infection recurs each year due to a high incidence of mutation of […]
Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries. This blood travels through the circulatory system to the organs and muscles of the body, carring the oxygen and […]
Bile acids (BAs) are natural detergents that solubilize dietary lipids in the intestinal tract. They are also important signaling molecules. BA regulate not only their own synthesis, but also have a role in […]
Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid peptide that stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase type-C (GC-C) receptors. Linaclotide is acid stable and protease resistant with low bioavailability; it is undetectable in the systemic circulation […]
Malaria remains a leading global health challenge, with an estimated 219 million clinical malaria cases and 1.24 million deaths attributed to Plasmodium falciparum infection reported annually. Malaria remains endemic in 104 countries, primarily […]