The two branches of the immune system, innate and adaptive, work together within an intricate network in order to respond to infectious threats while not destroying healthy self-tissue. As previously discussed, the […]
The clinical symptoms and signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) result from abnormalities associated with neuronal dysfunction and cell death in specific brain regions which are important in memory and cognitive functions. Damaged circuits include […]
The disparity in clinical outcomes for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) illustrates the heterogeneity of this disease. Overall survival (OS) in AML is impacted by many clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular factors. Although […]
Chronic constipation (CC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) are common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The overall prevalence of CC in the general population is approximately 20%. CC is defined by infrequent bowel movements (less […]
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decline in cognitive function and memory impairment. Characteristic neuropathological features of AD are accumulation of amyloid […]
It is estimated that worldwide international arrivals by any form of transport have been around 763 million in 2004. Such increased mobility involves all kind of travellers (tourists, workers, businessmen) and all age […]
The presence of amyloid deposits in the brain is one of the major histopathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that the amyloid -peptide (Aβ), a major component […]
The “cholinergic hypothesis” proposes that part of age-related cognitive decline is caused by reduced cerebral cholinergic function. This theory has been used as a rationale for testing drug therapies that restore cholinergic function […]
Endothelium derived relaxant factors (EDRFs) Endothelium derived relaxant factor is produced and released by the endothelium to cause smooth muscle relaxation. The characterized EDRFs include nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2), and endothelium-derived […]
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) levels over a prolonged period, either […]